Selected Publications: Methods
* indicates student and postdoc advisees
Theory for Identification and Inference with Synthetic Controls: A Proximal Causal Inference Framework
Shi X, Li K*, Yu M*, Miao W, Kuchibhotla AK, Hu M, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ. (2026). Journal of the American Statistical Association: Theory and Methods
Statistical Methods to Harmonize Electronic Health Record Data Across Healthcare Systems: Case Study and Lessons Learned
Shi X, Zhai Y*, Yu X*, Li X, Hazlehurst B, Nyongesa D, Sapp D, Williamson B, Carrell D, Healy L, Cushing-Haugen K, Wong J, Wang S, Floyd J, Shattuck K, McGown S, Alam S, Hernández-Muñoz J, Li J, Ma Y, Stojanovic D, Raman S, Davis S, Cai T, Nelson J, Heagerty P. (2026). Bioinformatics
Using Double Negative Controls to Adjust for Healthy User Bias in a Recombinant Zoster Vaccine Safety Study.
Li K*, Emerman I, Cook AJ, Fireman BH, Sundaram M, Tseng HX, Weintraub ES, Yu O, Nelson JL, Shi X. (2025). American Journal of Epidemiolody
Integrating large scale genetic and clinical information to predict cases of heart failure.
Wu KH*, Wolford BN, Du J*, Yu X*, Douville NJ, Mathis MR, Graham SE, Surakka I, Hornsby WE, Bian J, Zhao L, Willer CJ, Shi X. (2025). Nature Communications Medicine
What's the Weight? Estimating Controlled Outcome Differences in Complex Surveys for Health Disparities Research.
Salerno S, Roberts EK, Needham BL, McCormick TH, Li F, Mukherjee B, Shi X. (2025) Statistics in Medicine
The Effect of Alcohol intake on Brain White Matter Microstructural Integrity: A New Causal Inference Framework for Incomplete Phenomic Data.
Chen C, Chen S, Ye Z, Shi X, Ma T, Shardell M. (2025). Journal of the American Statistical Association
Data-driven Automated Negative Control Estimation (DANCE): Automated Search for and Validation of Negative Controls.
Kummerfeld E, Lim J*, Shi X. (2024). Journal of Machine Learning Research
Patient Recruitment Using Electronic Health Records Under Selection Bias: a Two-phase Sampling Framework
Zhang G*, Beesley LJ, Mukherjee B, Shi X. (2024). Annals of Applied Statistics
Online Causal Inference with Application to Near Real-Time Post-Market Vaccine Safety Surveillance
Luo L, Risk M*, Shi X. (2023) Statistics in Medicine
Double Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness
Li Q*, Shi X, Miao W, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ. (2023). Journal of the American Statistical Association: Theory and Methods
Semiparametric proximal causal inference
Cui Y, Pu H, Shi X, Miao W, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ. (2023). Journal of the American Statistical Association: Theory and Methods
Proximal Causal Inference for Complex Longitudinal Studies [David P. Byar Young Investigator Award]
Ying A, Miao W, Shi X, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ. (2023). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)
Collaborative inference for treatment effect with distributed data-sharing management in multicenter studies
Hu M*, Shi X, Song PXK. (2023). Statistics in Medicine. [Distinguished Student Paper Award, ENAR 2021]
A PRocess guide for INferential studies using healthcare data from routine ClinIcal Practice to evaLuate causal Effects of Drugs (PRINCIPLED): Considerations from the FDA Sentinel Innovation Center
Desai RJ, Wang SV, Sreedhara SK, Zabotka L, Khosrow-Khavar F, Nelson JC, Shi X, Toh S, Wyss R, Patorno E, Dutcher S, Li J,Greene C, Lee H, Ball R, Dal Pan G, Segal K, Suissa S, Rothman K, Greenland S, Hernan M, Heagerty PJ, Schneeweiss S. (2023). The BMJ
Current Challenges with the Use of Test-Negative Designs for Modeling COVID-19 Vaccination and Outcomes
Shi X, Li Q*, Mukherjee B. (2022). American Journal of Epidemiology
Data Integration in Causal Inference
Shi X, Pan Z*, Miao W. (2022). WIREs Computational Statistics
An Introduction to Proximal Causal Learning
Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Ying A, Cui Y, Shi X, and Miao W. (2021). Statistical Science
Spherical regression under mismatch corruption with application to automated knowledge translation
Shi X, Li X, and Cai T (2021). Journal of the American Statistical Association: Theory and Methods
Multiply robust causal inference with double negative control adjustment for categorical unmeasured confounding
Shi X, Miao W, Nelson J, and Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ (2020). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)
A Selective Review of Negative Control Methods in Epidemiology
Shi X, Miao W, and Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ (2020). Current Epidemiology Reports
Safety surveillance and the estimation of risk in select populations: flexible methods to control for confounding while targeting marginal comparisons via standardization [Student Travel Award, ICHPS 2018]
Shi X, Wellman R, Heagerty PJ, Nelson JC, and Cook AJ (2020). Statistics in Medicine
Comparing healthcare utilization patterns via global differences in the endorsement of current procedural terminology codes [Distinguished Oral Presentation Award, WNAR 2015]
Shi X, Pashova H, and Heagerty PJ (2017). Annals of Applied Statistics
Shi X, Li K*, Yu M*, Miao W, Kuchibhotla AK, Hu M, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ. (2026). Journal of the American Statistical Association: Theory and Methods
Statistical Methods to Harmonize Electronic Health Record Data Across Healthcare Systems: Case Study and Lessons Learned
Shi X, Zhai Y*, Yu X*, Li X, Hazlehurst B, Nyongesa D, Sapp D, Williamson B, Carrell D, Healy L, Cushing-Haugen K, Wong J, Wang S, Floyd J, Shattuck K, McGown S, Alam S, Hernández-Muñoz J, Li J, Ma Y, Stojanovic D, Raman S, Davis S, Cai T, Nelson J, Heagerty P. (2026). Bioinformatics
Using Double Negative Controls to Adjust for Healthy User Bias in a Recombinant Zoster Vaccine Safety Study.
Li K*, Emerman I, Cook AJ, Fireman BH, Sundaram M, Tseng HX, Weintraub ES, Yu O, Nelson JL, Shi X. (2025). American Journal of Epidemiolody
Integrating large scale genetic and clinical information to predict cases of heart failure.
Wu KH*, Wolford BN, Du J*, Yu X*, Douville NJ, Mathis MR, Graham SE, Surakka I, Hornsby WE, Bian J, Zhao L, Willer CJ, Shi X. (2025). Nature Communications Medicine
What's the Weight? Estimating Controlled Outcome Differences in Complex Surveys for Health Disparities Research.
Salerno S, Roberts EK, Needham BL, McCormick TH, Li F, Mukherjee B, Shi X. (2025) Statistics in Medicine
The Effect of Alcohol intake on Brain White Matter Microstructural Integrity: A New Causal Inference Framework for Incomplete Phenomic Data.
Chen C, Chen S, Ye Z, Shi X, Ma T, Shardell M. (2025). Journal of the American Statistical Association
Data-driven Automated Negative Control Estimation (DANCE): Automated Search for and Validation of Negative Controls.
Kummerfeld E, Lim J*, Shi X. (2024). Journal of Machine Learning Research
Patient Recruitment Using Electronic Health Records Under Selection Bias: a Two-phase Sampling Framework
Zhang G*, Beesley LJ, Mukherjee B, Shi X. (2024). Annals of Applied Statistics
Online Causal Inference with Application to Near Real-Time Post-Market Vaccine Safety Surveillance
Luo L, Risk M*, Shi X. (2023) Statistics in Medicine
Double Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness
Li Q*, Shi X, Miao W, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ. (2023). Journal of the American Statistical Association: Theory and Methods
Semiparametric proximal causal inference
Cui Y, Pu H, Shi X, Miao W, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ. (2023). Journal of the American Statistical Association: Theory and Methods
Proximal Causal Inference for Complex Longitudinal Studies [David P. Byar Young Investigator Award]
Ying A, Miao W, Shi X, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ. (2023). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)
Collaborative inference for treatment effect with distributed data-sharing management in multicenter studies
Hu M*, Shi X, Song PXK. (2023). Statistics in Medicine. [Distinguished Student Paper Award, ENAR 2021]
A PRocess guide for INferential studies using healthcare data from routine ClinIcal Practice to evaLuate causal Effects of Drugs (PRINCIPLED): Considerations from the FDA Sentinel Innovation Center
Desai RJ, Wang SV, Sreedhara SK, Zabotka L, Khosrow-Khavar F, Nelson JC, Shi X, Toh S, Wyss R, Patorno E, Dutcher S, Li J,Greene C, Lee H, Ball R, Dal Pan G, Segal K, Suissa S, Rothman K, Greenland S, Hernan M, Heagerty PJ, Schneeweiss S. (2023). The BMJ
Current Challenges with the Use of Test-Negative Designs for Modeling COVID-19 Vaccination and Outcomes
Shi X, Li Q*, Mukherjee B. (2022). American Journal of Epidemiology
Data Integration in Causal Inference
Shi X, Pan Z*, Miao W. (2022). WIREs Computational Statistics
An Introduction to Proximal Causal Learning
Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Ying A, Cui Y, Shi X, and Miao W. (2021). Statistical Science
Spherical regression under mismatch corruption with application to automated knowledge translation
Shi X, Li X, and Cai T (2021). Journal of the American Statistical Association: Theory and Methods
Multiply robust causal inference with double negative control adjustment for categorical unmeasured confounding
Shi X, Miao W, Nelson J, and Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ (2020). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)
A Selective Review of Negative Control Methods in Epidemiology
Shi X, Miao W, and Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ (2020). Current Epidemiology Reports
Safety surveillance and the estimation of risk in select populations: flexible methods to control for confounding while targeting marginal comparisons via standardization [Student Travel Award, ICHPS 2018]
Shi X, Wellman R, Heagerty PJ, Nelson JC, and Cook AJ (2020). Statistics in Medicine
Comparing healthcare utilization patterns via global differences in the endorsement of current procedural terminology codes [Distinguished Oral Presentation Award, WNAR 2015]
Shi X, Pashova H, and Heagerty PJ (2017). Annals of Applied Statistics
Selected Publications: Applications
Racial and ethnic differences in sleep-disordered breathing and sleep duration related to stroke.
Springer MV, Lisabeth LD, Gibbs R, Shi X, Case E, Chervin RD, Dong L, Brown DL (2022). Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases
Outcomes in the year after first-ever ischemic stroke in a bi-ethnic population.
Lisabeth LD, Brown DL, Dong L, Zahuranec DB, Kwicklis M, Shi X, Case E, Smith MA, Campbell M, Carrera JF, Morgenstern LB (2022). Annals of Neurology
Measurement and validation of the Comprehensive Score for financial toxicity (COST) in a population with diabetes.
Patel MR, Zhang G, Heisler M, Song PXK, Piette JD, Shi X, Choe HM, Smith A, Resnicow K (2022). Diabetes Care
COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against omicron (B.1.1.529) variant infection and hospitalisation in patients taking immunosuppressive medications: a retrospective cohort study.
Risk M, Hayek S, Schiopu E, Yuan L Shen C, Shi X, Freed G, Zhao L (2022). The Lancet Rheumatology
Global Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.
Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B (2022). Journal of Infectious Diseases
Ten‐Year Trends in Sleep‐Disordered Breathing After Ischemic Stroke: 2010 to 2019 Data From the BASIC Project.
Schütz SG, Lisabeth L, Gibbs R, Shi X, Chervin RD, Kwicklis M, Case E, Brown, DL (2022). Journal of the American Heart Association
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on unmet social needs, self-care, and outcomes among people with diabetes and poor glycemic control.
Patel MR, Zhang G, Leung C, Song PXK, Heisler M, Choe HM, Mehdipanah R, Shi X, Resnicow K, Rajaee G, Piette JD. Primary Care Diabetes
Understanding the Patterns of Serological Testing for COVID-19 Pre- and Post-Vaccination Rollout in Michigan
Zhao Z, Salerno S, Shi X, Lee S, Mukherjee B, Fritsche LG (2021). Journal of Clinical Medicine
Study Protocol: CareAvenue program to improve unmet social risk factors and diabetes outcomes- A randomized controlled trial
Patel MR, Heisler M, Piette JD, Resnicow K, Song PXK, Choe HM, Shi X, Tobi J, Smith A (2020). Contemporary Clinical Trials
Exposure and risk factors for COVID-19 and the impact of staying home on Michigan residents
Wu KH*, Hornsby WE, Klunder B, Krause A, Driscoll A, Kulka J, Bickett-Hickok R, Fellows A, Graham S, Kaleba EO, Hayek SS, Shi X, Sutton NR, Douuville N, Mukherjee B, Jammerson K, Brummett CCM, Willer CJ (2021). PLOS ONE
Wake-Up Stroke is not associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Schütz SG, Lisabeth LD, Gibbs R, Shi X, Case E, Chervin RD, Brown DL. (2021). Sleep Medicine
Tissue-based stroke definition impacts stroke incidence but not ethnic differences
Morgenstern LB, Zahuranec DB, Lim J, Shi X, Brown DL, Kerber KA, Meurer WJ, Skolarus LE, Adelman EE, Campbell MS, Case E, Lisabeth LD. (2021). Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases
The comparative effectiveness of minimally invasive surgery and conventional approaches to major or challenging hepatectomies [covered by the Seattle Times]
Thornblade LW, Shi X, Ruiz A, Flum DR, and Park JO (2017). Journal of the American College of Surgeons
Preoperative immunonutrition and elective colorectal resection outcomes
Thornblade LW, Varghese TK, Shi X, Johnson EK, Bastawrous A, Billingham RP, Thirlby R, Fichera A, and Flum DR (2017). Diseases of Colon and Rectum
Long term effects of repeated injections of local anesthetic with or without corticosteroid for lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized trial
Friedly JL, Comstock BA, Turner JA, Heagerty PJ, Deyo RA, Bauer Z, Avins AL, Nedeljkovic SS, Nerenz DR,
Shi X, Annaswamy T, Standaert CJ, Smuck M, Kennedy DJ, Akuthota V, Sibell D, Wasan AD, Diehn F, Suri P, Rundell SD, Kessler L, Chen AS, and Jarvik JG. (2017). Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Association of early imaging for back pain with clinical outcomes in older adults
Jarvik, JG, Gold, LS, Comstock, BA, Heagerty, PJ, Rundell, SD, Turner, JA, Avins, AL, Bauer, Z, Bresnahan, BW, Friedly, JL, James, K, Kessler, L, Nedeljkovic, SS, Nerenz, DR, Shi X, Sullivan, SD, Chan, L, Schwalb, JM, and Deyo, RA (2015). Journal of the American Medical Association
Back pain in seniors: the back pain outcomes using longitudinal data (BOLD) cohort baseline data
Jarvik, JG, Comstock, BA, Heagerty, PJ, Turner, JA, Sullivan, SD, Shi X, Nerenz, DR, Nedeljkovic, SS, Kessler, L, James, K, Friedly, JL, Bresnahan, BW, Bauer, Z, Avins, AL, and Deyo, RA. (2014). BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Springer MV, Lisabeth LD, Gibbs R, Shi X, Case E, Chervin RD, Dong L, Brown DL (2022). Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases
Outcomes in the year after first-ever ischemic stroke in a bi-ethnic population.
Lisabeth LD, Brown DL, Dong L, Zahuranec DB, Kwicklis M, Shi X, Case E, Smith MA, Campbell M, Carrera JF, Morgenstern LB (2022). Annals of Neurology
Measurement and validation of the Comprehensive Score for financial toxicity (COST) in a population with diabetes.
Patel MR, Zhang G, Heisler M, Song PXK, Piette JD, Shi X, Choe HM, Smith A, Resnicow K (2022). Diabetes Care
COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against omicron (B.1.1.529) variant infection and hospitalisation in patients taking immunosuppressive medications: a retrospective cohort study.
Risk M, Hayek S, Schiopu E, Yuan L Shen C, Shi X, Freed G, Zhao L (2022). The Lancet Rheumatology
Global Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.
Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B (2022). Journal of Infectious Diseases
Ten‐Year Trends in Sleep‐Disordered Breathing After Ischemic Stroke: 2010 to 2019 Data From the BASIC Project.
Schütz SG, Lisabeth L, Gibbs R, Shi X, Chervin RD, Kwicklis M, Case E, Brown, DL (2022). Journal of the American Heart Association
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on unmet social needs, self-care, and outcomes among people with diabetes and poor glycemic control.
Patel MR, Zhang G, Leung C, Song PXK, Heisler M, Choe HM, Mehdipanah R, Shi X, Resnicow K, Rajaee G, Piette JD. Primary Care Diabetes
Understanding the Patterns of Serological Testing for COVID-19 Pre- and Post-Vaccination Rollout in Michigan
Zhao Z, Salerno S, Shi X, Lee S, Mukherjee B, Fritsche LG (2021). Journal of Clinical Medicine
Study Protocol: CareAvenue program to improve unmet social risk factors and diabetes outcomes- A randomized controlled trial
Patel MR, Heisler M, Piette JD, Resnicow K, Song PXK, Choe HM, Shi X, Tobi J, Smith A (2020). Contemporary Clinical Trials
Exposure and risk factors for COVID-19 and the impact of staying home on Michigan residents
Wu KH*, Hornsby WE, Klunder B, Krause A, Driscoll A, Kulka J, Bickett-Hickok R, Fellows A, Graham S, Kaleba EO, Hayek SS, Shi X, Sutton NR, Douuville N, Mukherjee B, Jammerson K, Brummett CCM, Willer CJ (2021). PLOS ONE
Wake-Up Stroke is not associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Schütz SG, Lisabeth LD, Gibbs R, Shi X, Case E, Chervin RD, Brown DL. (2021). Sleep Medicine
Tissue-based stroke definition impacts stroke incidence but not ethnic differences
Morgenstern LB, Zahuranec DB, Lim J, Shi X, Brown DL, Kerber KA, Meurer WJ, Skolarus LE, Adelman EE, Campbell MS, Case E, Lisabeth LD. (2021). Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases
The comparative effectiveness of minimally invasive surgery and conventional approaches to major or challenging hepatectomies [covered by the Seattle Times]
Thornblade LW, Shi X, Ruiz A, Flum DR, and Park JO (2017). Journal of the American College of Surgeons
Preoperative immunonutrition and elective colorectal resection outcomes
Thornblade LW, Varghese TK, Shi X, Johnson EK, Bastawrous A, Billingham RP, Thirlby R, Fichera A, and Flum DR (2017). Diseases of Colon and Rectum
Long term effects of repeated injections of local anesthetic with or without corticosteroid for lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized trial
Friedly JL, Comstock BA, Turner JA, Heagerty PJ, Deyo RA, Bauer Z, Avins AL, Nedeljkovic SS, Nerenz DR,
Shi X, Annaswamy T, Standaert CJ, Smuck M, Kennedy DJ, Akuthota V, Sibell D, Wasan AD, Diehn F, Suri P, Rundell SD, Kessler L, Chen AS, and Jarvik JG. (2017). Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Association of early imaging for back pain with clinical outcomes in older adults
Jarvik, JG, Gold, LS, Comstock, BA, Heagerty, PJ, Rundell, SD, Turner, JA, Avins, AL, Bauer, Z, Bresnahan, BW, Friedly, JL, James, K, Kessler, L, Nedeljkovic, SS, Nerenz, DR, Shi X, Sullivan, SD, Chan, L, Schwalb, JM, and Deyo, RA (2015). Journal of the American Medical Association
Back pain in seniors: the back pain outcomes using longitudinal data (BOLD) cohort baseline data
Jarvik, JG, Comstock, BA, Heagerty, PJ, Turner, JA, Sullivan, SD, Shi X, Nerenz, DR, Nedeljkovic, SS, Kessler, L, James, K, Friedly, JL, Bresnahan, BW, Bauer, Z, Avins, AL, and Deyo, RA. (2014). BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
